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Ana  Emauz
  • Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Chimpanzee facial behavior has been described before as a result of naturalistic studies. In this study we planned to register chimpanzee emotional behavior in two distinctly valenced emotional contexts – one clearly negative and the... more
Chimpanzee facial behavior has been described before as a result of naturalistic studies. In this study we planned to register chimpanzee emotional behavior in two distinctly valenced emotional contexts – one clearly negative and the other positive, which can be more controlled in emotion-induction experiments. The study had an emphasis on facial behavior, and envisaged to determine which behavioral units associated significantly with chimpanzee positive and negative affect. Three experimental conditions (neutral/positive/negative) were created in the large outdoor facility of the MONA Foundation Sanctuary (Spain). Experiments were non-invasive and depended upon chimpanzees approaching an apparatus containing the stimuli, and finding them. The stimuli used were: in the positive condition, toys and treats; in the negative, scary objects (such as rubber snakes and spiders, ugly masks and noises); and in the neutral (control), edible items which were not considered treats. Experiments ...
The assumption that affective empathy is a personal trait, suggests that people affected by human emotions/suffering are also affected by those of other animals. Facial expression recognition plays an important role in social species,... more
The assumption that affective empathy is a personal trait, suggests that people affected by human emotions/suffering are also affected by those of other animals. Facial expression recognition plays an important role in social species, facilitating a fast understanding of others' feelings and intentions and is thus crucial to assessing empathy across species, especially if combined with measures of physiological response (as a proxy for affective empathy). In this study we investigated human recognition and physiological activation when watching 4 min video clips of human, chimpanzee and dog emotional facial expressions depicting these species in each of four different emotional contexts, aiming to inspect consistency of responses and which stimuli affected most the various empathy measures, in a within subject 3(species)X4(emotional conditions) experimental design. Participants were rated on the number of correct appraisals of facial expressions, skin conductance responses (SCR)...
ABSTRACT The present work was carried out at the Mona Foundation Rescue Centre (Spain). This sanctuary holds two semi-free ranging rehabilitant groups of socially functional chimpanzees, known as “family group” and “bachelor group”. The... more
ABSTRACT The present work was carried out at the Mona Foundation Rescue Centre (Spain). This sanctuary holds two semi-free ranging rehabilitant groups of socially functional chimpanzees, known as “family group” and “bachelor group”. The study aimed to assess the effect of several stimuli on the behaviour of the chimpanzees and to determine the most adequate stimuli to elicit positive and negative emotional behaviour responses. Part of the materials used in these experiments had been pre-tested in similar experiments with these two groups of chimpanzees, as part of a preliminary study to induce and study surprise and respective reactions. With a few exceptions, objects were familiar treats or toys. Sessions began with subject’s morning release into outdoor space. Field experimental conditions were pre-prepared so that chimpanzees found the stimuli apparatus shortly afterwards, as they roamed about the landscape. The plan for the emotional induction field experiments consisted in 3 experimental conditions (neutral/positive/negative) and for each apparatus there were 4 variations of stimuli, so that each of the 4 sessions per condition (replicas) that each group would be subjected to, was slightly different and contained a surprise element. Experiments were conducted 6 days per week, 3 days family group and 3 days bachelor group randomized, giving a total of 8 weeks all 3 treatments each week in a randomized distribution. When the first chimpanzee approached the vicinity of the apparatus (i.e. was within an approximate range of 10 m and had established visual contact with the apparatus) observers started recording behaviour for 20 continuous minutes. Data collection was obtained through the register of video sessions with a total of 48 hours of direct observation, subsequently submitted to behaviour coding. The behaviour responses to these experimentally generated emotional situations met expected behaviours (e.g. play, affiliative) in the positive condition sessions; the neutral experiments elicited mostly the behaviours expected in the positive condition; the stimuli assumed to elicited aversive responses (e.g. avoidance, flee, scream) in the negative condition varied substantially in the elicited responses: some as expected elicited negative responses, but most had the same behaviour outcomes as the positive condition. To conclude, this study demonstrates the difficulty to assess in daily management the most appropriate materials to achieve our goals of behavioural change, either in enrichment programmes or in experimental projects, and highlights the need to inventory what constitutes positive and negative stimuli for a chimpanzee.
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O interesse pelo estudo das relações entre humanos e animais tem vindo a crescer nos últimos anos, mas a empatia para com animais é um tema ainda recente na literatura, levando a uma maior necessidade de desenvolver instrumentos adequados... more
O interesse pelo estudo das relações entre humanos e animais tem vindo a crescer nos últimos anos, mas a empatia para com animais é um tema ainda recente na literatura, levando a uma maior necessidade de desenvolver instrumentos adequados para a medir. A Escala de Empatia para com Animais (EEA) é o instrumento mais utilizado, tendo por isso sido escolhido para o presente estudo. A EEA foi inicialmente traduzida para português, de seguida foi feita uma análise exploratória através do modelo de componentes principais (com 148 participantes) onde se obteve um modelo com dois componentes, os quais se denominaram de Ligação Emocional com Animais (LEA) e Preocupação Empática com os Animais (PEA). A estrutura do modelo foi reforçada com uma análise confirmatória (com 204 participantes). A estrutura final reporta um modelo bem ajustado, com um bom nível de consistência interna, tanto da escala global, como das suas subescalas. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa e positiva entre a EEA e outra escala de empatia traço dirigida a humanos (Interpersonal Reactivity Index – IRI), o que veio reforçar a validade de constructo deste instrumento para a sua utilização no panorama nacional. Introdução Empatia A empatia humana é um tema em crescimento desde a primeira vez que foi traduzido do alemão (Titchener, 1909), dando origem ao aparecimento de uma vasta literatura sobretudo no que refere à sua definição. A empatia tem uma função muito importante nas relações entre os membros de um grupo social, sendo esta capacidade de percebermos e respondermos adequadamente às emoções dos outros considerada o pilar da emergência dos comportamentos pro-sociais, aumentando assim a coesão e sobrevivência do grupo (para uma revisão ver Castro, Gaspar, & Vicente, 2010; Gaspar 2014). De uma forma geral, a empatia é definida como a capacidade de nos colocarmos no lugar de outro, o que envolve não só a compreensão do estado emocional de outra pessoa, mas também a capacidade de nos sentirmos afectados por essa mesma emoção (Blair, 2005; Hoffman, 1977), 189 A correspondência relativa a este artigo deverá ser enviada para:
Research Interests:
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